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68/100May 2026 review (v3.0 rubric); v4.1 re-score pending
Offering and price for this peptide not verified in the October 15, 2026 update.
Read review →Longevity · Mitochondrial Protective
SS-31 (Elamipretide)
Released: Last reviewed:
SS-31 (also called Elamipretide or Bendavia) is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that stabilizes cardiolipin and supports electron-transport-chain efficiency. In late-stage clinical trials for several mitochondrial diseases.
SS-31 (Elamipretide) at a glance
SS-31 (also called Elamipretide or Bendavia) is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that stabilizes cardiolipin and supports electron-transport-chain efficiency. In late-stage clinical trials for several mitochondrial diseases. Mechanism: Mitochondrial-targeted tetrapeptide. Typical route: Subcutaneous. FDA status: Elamipretide is FDA-approved as Forzinity (accelerated approval, September 19, 2025) to improve muscle strength in patients with Barth syndrome weighing at least 30 kg; other uses, including primary mitochondrial myopathy, dry AMD and heart failure, remain investigational.
Drug classMitochondrial-targeted tetrapeptide
Half-life~5 hours
RouteSubcutaneous
Trial dose40 mg daily
FDA statusFDA-approved as Forzinity (Barth syndrome, 2025)
Available throughForzinity by prescription (Barth syndrome)
Mechanism of action
SS-31 selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane, binding cardiolipin and preserving the integrity of the electron transport chain. This reduces reactive oxygen species production, supports ATP synthesis, and protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Dosing reference
Subcutaneous: 40 mg daily (most common clinical-trial dose). Some longevity protocols use lower doses (5-20 mg) several times per week. Cycle length varies.
Dosing information is provided for educational reference and is not medical advice. Patients should not initiate or modify any peptide regimen without consulting a licensed clinician. See our medical disclaimer.
FDA status & regulatory framework
Elamipretide is FDA-approved as Forzinity (accelerated approval, September 19, 2025) to improve muscle strength in patients with Barth syndrome weighing at least 30 kg; other uses, including primary mitochondrial myopathy, dry AMD and heart failure, remain investigational.
U.S. telehealth providers that work with SS-31 (Elamipretide)
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88/100May 2026 review (v3.0 rubric); v4.1 re-score pending
Offering and price for this peptide not verified in the October 15, 2026 update.
Read review →–
80/100May 2026 review (v3.0 rubric); v4.1 re-score pending
Offering and price for this peptide not verified in the October 15, 2026 update.
Read review →–
85/100May 2026 review (v3.0 rubric); v4.1 re-score pending
Offering and price for this peptide not verified in the October 15, 2026 update.
Read review →Related longevity peptides
Frequently asked questions about SS-31 (Elamipretide)
Is SS-31 the same as Elamipretide?
Yes. SS-31, Elamipretide, and Bendavia are the same molecule. Stealth BioTherapeutics markets elamipretide as Forzinity, FDA-approved in September 2025 for Barth syndrome.
What conditions has SS-31 been trialed for?
Phase 2/3 trials have covered primary mitochondrial myopathy, Barth syndrome, dry age-related macular degeneration, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Barth syndrome is now an approved indication (Forzinity, 2025); results in the other indications have been mixed.
References
- First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics. Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171(8):2029-2050. PMID: 24117165
- A randomized crossover trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020;11(4):909-918. PMID: 32741132
Sources are peer-reviewed where available. PubMed (PMID) links resolve to NCBI's PubMed database. FDA links resolve to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Citations were last verified 2026-05-11.